Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 50

July - September 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 15-25

DOI https://doi.org/10.31876/er.v8i50.867

Recycling programmes to minimise plastic through

bottles in the Guayaquil area

Programas de reciclaje para minimizar el plástico a través de las botellas en

la zona de Guayaquil

Ana Luisa López Brunett*

Xavier Miranda Ayala*

Received: March 13, 2024

Approved: June 22, 2024

Abstract

This is the result of the research project: 3R - training for

environmental awareness, which aims to analyse the theoretical

underpinnings of the recycling programmes implemented in

Guayaquil in order to reduce the amount of plastic in the city.

Exploratory research was carried out using a sample of different

studies on recycling programmes. The methodology employed

consisted of a documentary review, using record cards to collect

information. The results highlight the relevance of several projects in

promoting more sustainable practices, although many of them fail to

fully achieve their goals. Furthermore, it is noted that several authors

offer additional perspectives on recycling and environmental

conservation. In conclusion, the analysis of the implementation of

these recycling programmes serves to raise awareness of the actions

undertaken and the need for effective compliance.

Keywords:

Programmes, Recycling, Plastic, Environment, Guayaquil

* Msc. Instituto Superior Tecnológico

Universitario Espíritu Santo,

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7040-3807,

alopez@tes.edu.ec

* Msc. Instituto Superior Tecnológico

Universitario Espíritu Santo,

https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9812-1159,

ojmiranda@tes.edu.ec

López, A., Miranda, X. (2024)

Análisis jurídico de la valoración de

la prueba en base a las relglas de la

sana crítica. Revista

Multidisciplinaria de investigación

científica, 8 (50), 15-25

Recycling programmes to minimise plastic through bottles in the Guayaquil area

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 50

July - September 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 15-25

Introduction

Exploring recycling programmes focused on reducing the use of plastic bottles in

Guayaquil would be an appropriate and timely measure to address the increasing

pollution caused by plastic bottles. Such programmes could include the installation of

recycling bins in strategic locations throughout the city, facilitating the separation and

collection of plastic bottles by citizens. In addition, participation could be encouraged

through educational campaigns promoting the importance of recycling and its benefits

to the local and global environment.

At the same time, policies could be established to encourage a reduction in the use of

single-use plastic bottles, encouraging more sustainable alternatives such as the use of

reusable bottles or drinking water filling systems in public places. This would not only

contribute to reducing the amount of plastic waste, but also promote a cultural shift

towards more responsible and environmentally friendly practices. Together, these

efforts would help minimise the presence of plastic in Guayaquil's urban environment

and mitigate the negative impacts associated with its contamination.

The city of Guayaquil faces a number of environmental challenges due to intense

industrial activity, rapid urban growth and lack of adequate infrastructure to manage

waste and emissions. Air pollution is a major concern, with alarming levels of harmful

gases and fine particulate matter affecting air quality and the health of inhabitants.

Vehicle emissions, manufacturing industries and waste burning contribute significantly

to this problem, increasing the risk of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases among

the population.

Resumen

Se presenta un resultado del proyecto de investigación: 3R -

formando para la conciencia ambiental, que tiene como objetivo

analizar los sustentos teóricos de los programas de reciclaje

implementados en Guayaquil con el fin de reducir la cantidad de

plástico en la ciudad. Se llevó a cabo una investigación exploratoria,

utilizando una muestra de diversos estudios sobre programas de

reciclaje. La metodología empleada consistió en la revisión

documental, utilizando fichas de registro para recopilar información.

Los resultados resaltan la relevancia de varios proyectos en la

promoción de prácticas más sostenibles, aunque muchos de ellos no

logran alcanzar sus metas por completo. Además, se observa que

diversos autores ofrecen perspectivas adicionales sobre el reciclaje y

la conservación del medio ambiente. En conclusión, el análisis de la

implementación de estos programas de reciclaje sirve para crear

conciencia sobre las acciones emprendidas y la necesidad de

cumplirlas de manera efectiva.

Palabras clave:

Programas, Reciclaje, Plástico, Ambiente, Guayaquil

Ana Luisa López Brunett, Xavier Miranda Ayala

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 50

July - September 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 15-25

In addition, water pollution represents another major challenge in Guayaquil. The lack

of adequate wastewater treatment, combined with industrial discharges and solid waste

pollution, contaminates water bodies near the city, endangering both the aquatic

ecosystem and the health of the people who depend on these water sources for their

daily needs. This problem not only affects public health, but also has a negative impact

on biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems, generating long-term consequences for the

environment and the sustainability of the region.

The objective is to analyse the theoretical underpinnings of the recycling programmes

implemented in Guayaquil in order to reduce the amount of plastic in the city,

considering that collaborative programmes have been proposed both at the municipal

level and through other entities. However, the aim is to understand the effectiveness

and progress of these programmes and to determine whether they are being

implemented as planned.

The analysis of the recycling programmes established in Guayaquil to reduce the

amount of plastic is of utmost importance due to the growing concern about the

negative environmental effects of this material (Monge, S., et al., 2019). Various entities,

both at the municipal level and through collaborations with external organisations, have

proposed initiatives to address this issue.

These proposals may include the installation of recycling bins in public areas,

awareness-raising and education campaigns on the importance of recycling, as well as

incentives to encourage citizen participation in the recycling process. However, it is

crucial to evaluate the effectiveness of these initiatives to determine whether they are

achieving the desired results in terms of reducing the presence of plastic in the city.

To truly understand the impact of recycling programmes in Guayaquil, it is necessary to

examine not only the amount of plastic collected, but also the implementation process

and long-term results. This involves analysing the effectiveness of the existing recycling

infrastructure, community participation and collaboration, as well as the management

and supervision by municipal authorities. In addition, it is essential to assess whether

the resources allocated for these programmes are being used efficiently and whether

the objectives initially set are being met. Only through a thorough evaluation will it be

possible to determine whether the recycling programmes in Guayaquil are fulfilling their

purpose of reducing the presence of plastic in the city and contributing positively to the

environment (Chicaiza, G., & González, E., 2016).

Ultimately, the analysis of recycling programmes in Guayaquil will not only provide a

clear picture of their current effectiveness, but will also help identify areas for

improvement and opportunities to strengthen these efforts in the future. This could

involve implementing innovative strategies, expanding recycling infrastructure,

improving waste management policies and promoting greater environmental

awareness in the community. Ultimately, the aim is to ensure that recycling programmes

in Guayaquil are effective, sustainable and contribute positively to reducing the

presence of plastic and protecting the environment in the city.

Recycling programmes to minimise plastic through bottles in the Guayaquil area

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 50

July - September 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 15-25

It is essential to know the definitions of some of the aspects of this study as cited by

Anzules, Í., & Castro, D. (2022), where it mentions that, atmospheric or environmental

pollution refers to the existence of agents whether physical, chemical or biological; or a

combination of these, in places and concentrations that can be harmful to the health,

safety and welfare of the population, as well as to the balance of ecosystems and life in

general.

The definition of air or environmental pollution provided by the authors highlights the

presence of physical, chemical or biological agents, either individually or in

combination, in places and concentrations that may have negative effects on people's

health, safety and well-being, as well as on the balance of ecosystems and life in general.

This understanding is fundamental to adequately address the pollution problem and to

take effective measures to mitigate its impacts.

For Buteler, M. (2019), the presence of polluting plastics is most noticeable on beaches,

but in the urban environment, micro-plastics derived from various products such as

clothing, furniture, paints and vehicle tyres are affecting the quality of drinking water.

The author highlights that, in urban environments, micro-plastics from a variety of

sources, such as clothing, furniture, paints and vehicle tyres, are contributing to drinking

water contamination. This situation underlines the need to address both waste

management in coastal areas and in urban settings to protect water quality and mitigate

the negative impacts of plastic pollution on the environment and human health.Principle

of the form

Plastic pollution causes blockages in energy production cooling systems and propeller

vines, negatively impacting aquaculture development and deteriorating aesthetic

aspects (Elias, R., 2015). The detrimental effects extend to all forms of marine life,

including plankton, benthic invertebrates and large mammals.

Recycling is shown to be a preferable alternative to the massive accumulation of waste

in landfills or sanitary landfills. Despite this, there are few formal recycling programmes

available in the area, as mentioned by Rodríguez, J., & Villamil, J. (2023); which allows

arguing that the lack of formal recycling programmes in the region hinders the effective

implementation of these practices, resulting in inadequate waste management and

greater environmental impact. It is essential that recycling programmes are established

and strengthened to foster a culture of waste reduction, reuse and recycling in the

community.

It is important to consider Correa, L. (2003), since a pilot recycling programme can

achieve positive results if a prior process of familiarisation with the community is carried

out, including stages of approach, management and awareness-raising, in order to

thoroughly understand the challenges related to the inappropriate management of

solid waste and to obtain the support of the population, the productive sector,

governmental and environmental authorities, as well as local educational institutions.

This process, which involves outreach, management and awareness-raising stages, is

essential to fully understand the challenges associated with inappropriate solid waste

Ana Luisa López Brunett, Xavier Miranda Ayala

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 50

July - September 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 15-25

management and to secure the support of various stakeholders, such as the population,

the productive sector, governmental and environmental authorities, as well as local

educational institutions. This strategy can be key to the success of the recycling

programme and to fostering a culture of waste reduction, reuse and recycling in the

community.

Materials and methods

In order to carry out the research process on the analysis of recycling programmes to

minimise plastic in Guayaquil, an exploratory research approach is chosen. This type of

research is suitable for investigating little-known phenomena or phenomena that have

been little studied, thus allowing for an initial and in-depth understanding of the topic

in question (Morales, N., 2015). Given that the effectiveness of recycling programmes

in Guayaquil is a topic that has not yet been exhaustively explored, this methodology

will provide a solid basis for further research.

The study sample will consist of a selection of different previous studies conducted on

recycling programmes in specific areas of the city of Guayaquil. It will seek to gather

information from a variety of sources, including academic research, government reports,

and studies conducted by non-governmental organisations and private entities. This will

allow for a broad and diverse perspective on the effectiveness and scope of recycling

programmes in the city.

The main technique used to collect data will be the desk review. This approach involves

the search, collection and analysis of relevant documents related to the topic of study,

such as reports, academic articles, government policies and other written materials (Paz,

I., 2022). An exhaustive review of existing literature on recycling programmes in

Guayaquil will be carried out, with the aim of identifying patterns, trends and areas of

interest that may be useful for the research.

As an instrument for data collection, documentary data collection sheets will be used.

These cards will allow for the organisation and systematisation of the information

gathered during the documentary review, thus facilitating its analysis and subsequent

interpretation (Useche, M..., et al., 2019). Each file will contain key details about the

recycling programmes studied, including their objective, scope, methodology, results

and conclusions. This technique will allow an orderly and structured record to be kept

of the information collected, facilitating its subsequent analysis and the drawing of

informed conclusions.

Results

The study conducted by Alava (2020) on the eco-efficient management of plastic waste

in the Velasco Ibarra parish revealed that 61% of respondents expressed complete

agreement and 29% agreed with waste separation. This indicates that, if this initiative is

introduced in the area, approximately 362 out of 402 people would support the project,

which would be a considerable success.

Bismark, C. (2021), conducted a study on the management of PET plastic and banana

bags, where it was observed that the highest amount of waste was recorded during the

third week, reaching 14.85 m3 of PET plastics, while the second week had the highest

Recycling programmes to minimise plastic through bottles in the Guayaquil area

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 50

July - September 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 15-25

amount of banana bags, with a total of 9.14 m3. In contrast, the first week presented

the lowest amount of waste, with 10.82 m3 of PET plastics, and a similar volume was

recorded for banana bags, with 7.6 m3.

For Luque, D. (2015), the inconveniences experienced during the process of

implementing waste separation stand out as a significant aspect in the development of

the programme. These obstacles may have arisen due to a lack of awareness or

education about the importance of waste separation, as well as resistance to change on

the part of the population. In addition, logistical factors, such as the availability of

adequate containers and the lack of infrastructure for separate collection, may also have

contributed to the challenges encountered. These results underline the need to address

these barriers by implementing awareness-raising and education strategies, as well as

improving the infrastructure and resources needed to facilitate effective waste

separation in the community.

The results of the study by Chamba, P. (2011) show that a considerable amount of

potentially recyclable solid waste ends up being landfilled directly due to contamination

with inorganic waste. This situation arises mainly due to the absence of proper

household sorting of solid waste. Most of the solid waste generated in various sectors

is not subjected to any kind of treatment before being sent to the sanitary landfill.

Gómez, S., & Vélez, S. (2023), carried out a study to identify the presence of micro-

plastics on the beach of San Jacinto, which revealed that the predominant type of micro-

plastics identified in the study was film, with a total of 1088 particles per square metre

(MP/m2), followed by fibres, with a total of 877 MP/m2. In terms of the most frequently

found sizes, 1 mm was predominant with 492 MP/m2, followed by 2 mm with 497

MP/m2 and 5 mm with 605 MP/m2. In addition, during the dissemination of the results

obtained, recommendations were provided and needs related to environmental

protection and the proper management of the various wastes generated on the beach

were identified.

These findings highlight the importance of addressing microplastic pollution in coastal

environments, as these materials can have significant impacts on marine ecosystems

and wildlife. Furthermore, the socialisation of the results and the recommendations

issued underline the need to adopt measures to protect the environment and to

properly manage waste, thus promoting more sustainable practices in the management

of natural resources.Principle of the form

Alava's (2020) analysis of the eco-efficient management of plastic waste in Velasco

Ibarra parish highlights strong support from the population for the implementation of

waste separation. This finding suggests that the majority of residents are in favour of

this initiative, indicating a high potential for the project's success if implemented in the

area. Community support is critical to ensure the effectiveness and sustainability of any

waste management programme, and these results suggest that the introduction of this

practice would be well received and could have a significant positive impact on plastic

waste management in the region.

Analysis of the amount of waste collected during different weeks reveals interesting

patterns in the generation of PET plastic waste and banana sleeves. The data shows that

the third week recorded the highest amount of PET plastic waste, while the second week

was notable for the highest amount of banana bags. This finding could be due to

Ana Luisa López Brunett, Xavier Miranda Ayala

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 50

July - September 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 15-25

seasonal factors, changes in consumption patterns or even specific events that occurred

during those weeks. These results highlight the importance of regularly monitoring and

analysing waste generation to identify trends and patterns that can influence waste

management strategies and promote more sustainable practices.

Other authors consider that, the identification of several setbacks during the initiation

of the waste separation process highlights the complexity and challenges associated

with the introduction of new waste management practices in a community. These

setbacks can be attributed to a number of factors, such as lack of environmental

awareness among the population, resistance to change and the need to adapt to new

routines. In addition, the existing infrastructure may not be adequately prepared to

handle waste separation, which hinders effective programme implementation.

It is essential to address these barriers through educational strategies that promote the

importance of waste separation, as well as improving infrastructure and logistics to

facilitate this process. By overcoming these initial challenges, progress can be made

towards more efficient and sustainable waste management, resulting in significant

benefits for both the environment and the wider community.

The findings presented in the study by Chamba, P. (2011) highlight a significant problem

in solid waste management. The considerable amount of potentially recyclable waste

that ends up in landfills due to contamination with inorganic waste reveals a lack of

efficiency in household waste sorting. This situation highlights the need to implement

more effective measures for waste separation at household and sector level. These

results underline the importance of implementing policies and programmes that

promote more efficient and responsible solid waste management, with the aim of

minimising environmental impact and promoting the reuse and recycling of materials.

The study carried out by Gómez and Vélez in 2023 at San Jacinto beach represents a

significant contribution to understanding the impact of micro-plastics in the coastal

environment. The findings revealed the predominant presence of micro-plastics,

especially films and fibres, ranging in size from 1 mm to 5 mm. These results highlight

the urgent need to address micro-plastic pollution, as well as to implement measures

to protect the marine ecosystem. Furthermore, the recommendations provided during

the dissemination of the results underline the importance of promoting sustainable

waste management practices and environmental protection at San Jacinto beach and

similar coastal environments.

The analysis of recycling programmes to reduce the use of plastic bottles in Guayaquil

raises important questions that require further research. What is the actual impact of

these programmes on reducing plastic pollution in the area? How do these programmes

affect community participation and environmental awareness? What are the specific

challenges faced by these programmes in Guayaquil and how can they be overcome?

Are there innovative alternatives that could improve the effectiveness of recycling

programmes in the region? These questions suggest the need for further studies to

further evaluate and improve recycling programmes in Guayaquil in order to develop

more effective strategies to minimise the use of plastic bottles and reduce pollution in

the area.

Recycling programmes to minimise plastic through bottles in the Guayaquil area

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 8, No. 50

July - September 2024 e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 15-25

Conclusions

The authors' analyses highlight the importance of community support and the need to

improve solid waste management in Guayaquil. Others, highlighting strong support for

waste separation, highlight the lack of efficiency in household waste sorting, which

results in a considerable amount of recyclable waste being deposited in landfills. These

findings underline the urgency of implementing effective policies and programmes to

promote more efficient and responsible waste management in the region.

On the other hand, the study provides specific insight into micro-plastic pollution in the

coastal environment and solid waste management in general, highlighting the

predominant presence of micro-plastics on San Jacinto beach and the urgent need to

address this issue. These findings complement previous studies by highlighting the

importance of implementing measures to protect the marine ecosystem and promote

sustainable waste management practices in and around the coastal areas of Guayaquil.

In conclusion, the study reveals a number of challenges and opportunities for improving

waste management in the region. The findings by various authors highlight the

importance of community support and environmental awareness for the success of

these programmes, as well as the need to implement effective education and awareness

strategies. In addition, there is evidence of the need to address initial barriers, such as

lack of adequate infrastructure and resistance to change, by improving logistics and

implementing policies that promote waste separation and recycling. These findings

highlight the importance of adopting a comprehensive and collaborative approach to

tackling plastic waste in Guayaquil and working towards a more sustainable future.

In this sense, the studies conducted provide a solid basis for future research and actions

to improve waste management and reduce plastic pollution in and around Guayaquil.

There is a clear need to further deepen the understanding of the factors influencing the

effectiveness of recycling programmes and to identify innovative strategies to address

existing challenges. It is also essential to involve various stakeholders, including

government, business, civil society and academia, in the search for collaborative and

sustainable solutions to promote more efficient waste management and protect the

environment, and to consider recycling programmes.

..........................................................................................................

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