Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

DOI https://doi.org/10.31876/er.v6i44.836

Characterization of the residential solid waste of the

inhabitants of the Anegado Parish of the Jipijapa Canton

Caracterización de los residuos sólidos residenciales de los habitantes de la

Parroquia el Anegado del Cantón Jipijapa

Xavier Enrique Chinga Cevallos*

Rodrigo Paul Cabrera Verdesoto*

Received: February 09, 2023

Approved: May 12, 2023

* Engineer. Master's Program in Environmental

Management, Graduate Institute, Universidad

Estatal del Sur de Manabí. chinga-

xavier6635@unesum.edu.ec https://orcid.org/

0000-0002-1407-2422

* Engineer. Master's Program in Environmental

Management, Graduate Institute, Universidad

Estatal del Sur de Manabí.

rodrigo.cabrera@unesum.edu.ec

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9560-5795

Abstract

This study allowed us to analyze, through a quantitative and

qualitative perspective with a systemic approach taking as a reference

the methodology of the Pan American Center for Environmental

Health C.E.P.I.S. evaluating, through the application of a survey

whose study population was 1.536 inhabitants in 246 houses,

structured according to the approach of the Manual of statistical

procedures for the studies of solid waste characterization CEPIS (HDT

97), allowing us to determine a waste production of 0.26Kg/per/day

with a non-compacted waste density of 119.21 Kg/m3, such as food

waste 34.49%, plastics 14.91%, special waste 11.44%, cardboard

9.77%, paper 7.47%, metallic 3.63%, wood waste 2.88%, cardboard

9.77%, paper 7.47%, metal 3.63%, wood waste 2.88% and wood

waste 2.88%, The survey showed that 80% of the population is aware

of the importance of good waste management and thus contribute

to the environment by generating management strategies based on

good waste management habits from generation to final disposal.

Keywords:

Good habits, Final Disposal, Management strategy,

Perception.

Cite this:

Asanza, J., Hernández, A. (2023).

Training plan for landslide and flood

risks for the inhabitants of the

Miguelillo-Portoviejo site. Espirales

Revista Multidisciplinaria de

investigación científica, 7 (46), 53-64

Characterization of the residential solid waste of the inhabitants of the Anegado Parish of the Jipijapa Canton

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

Introduction

The environmental, economic and social problems associated with the inadequate

management of existing solid waste comes from ancient times and are increasing,

(Fazenda & Tavares-Russo, 2016), thus through time health and safety were the subject

of concern related to solid waste management considering that currently they are

associated with other issues such as conservation of natural resources, environmental

risks, (Guerra, 2014)Regarding the above, it is estimated that the generation of

municipal solid waste worldwide is approximately 1.3 billion tons per year, and it is

expected that this volume will increase to 2.2 billion tons by the year 2025 (Burke et al.,

2012)..

According to (Canchucaja, 2018), environmental problems associated with poor waste

management are closely linked directly to urban environmental conditions in most

cities, inadequate environmental management of solid waste can lead to the spread of

agents with high pathogen load (intermediates), leading to the emergence of diseases

such as hemorrhagic fever, leptospirosis, digestive disorders, respiratory and skin

infections, according to (Mohammadi et al., 2017), other affectations caused, solid

waste towards the environment significantly is towards atmosphere, water, soil and flora

and wildlife, air pollution from waste is produced by methane (CH ) and carbon dioxide

(CO2) (Tangri & Wilson, 2017), which contribute to global warming (greenhouse effect),

as a result of indiscriminate burning of waste and poor waste management (MINAN,

2018).

Abstract

Este estudio nos permitió analizar, a través de una perspectiva

cuantitativa y cualitativa con un enfoque sistémico tomando como

referencia en la metodología del Centro Panamericano de Salud

Ambiental C.E.P.I.S. evaluando, por medio de la aplicación de una

encuesta a cuya población de estudio fue de 1.536 habitantes en 246

Viviendas, estructurada de acuerdo al planteamiento del Manual de

procedimientos estadísticos para los estudios de caracterización de

residuos sólidos CEPIS (HDT 97), permitiéndonos determinar una

producción de residuos de 0,26Kg/per/día con una densidad no

compactada de desechos de 119,21 Kg/m3, como restos de

alimentos 34,49%, plásticos 14,91%, desechos especiales 11,44%,

cartón 9,77%, papel 7,47%, metálicos 3,63%, residuos de madera

2,88%, y otro tipos de desechos 1, 63% concluyendo que mediante

la aplicación de la encuesta se pudo conocer la percepción de los

pobladores sobre el manejo y gestión de los desechos sólidos

considerando que el 80 % conoce de la importancia de una buen

manejo de los residuos y así contribuir con el medio ambiente

generando estrategia de gestión enmarcadas a los buenos hábitos

de manejo desde su generación hasta la disposición final.

Key words:

Buenos hábitos, Disposición Final, Estrategia de gestión,

Percepción

Xavier Enrique Chinga Cevallos, Rodrigo Paul Cabrera Verdesoto

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

Considering that the problems under study are related to the inadequate management

of solid waste, they have a direct impact on human beings and their environment in a

significant way. (André & Cerdá, 2015), especially on health, environmental factors such

as renewable and non-renewable resources, such as contamination of soils, surface and

groundwater (Mohammadi et al., 2017), social, economic factors, whose components

are essential for every human being on the planet earth. (MINAN, 2018)other factors

identified is the affectation of the scenic beauty where these wastes accumulate, due to

poor management by local governments (Tangri & Wilson, 2017). (Tangri & Wilson,

2017).

In Latin America and the Caribbean, household solid waste (HSW) reaches a per capita

production of 0.63 kg of waste per inhabitant/day (kg/inhab/day); and Urban Solid

Waste (USW) reaches 0.96 kg of waste kg/inhabitant/day, generating 295 thousand tons

of waste in homes (USW), 436 thousand tons in schools, stores, offices, markets,

hospitals, sweeping and cleaning of streets and public areas (USW), and of this total

45% of waste is not treated and is not adequately recycled (United Nations Organization

for Economic Cooperation and Development). (United Nations - Environment (UN),

2018)..

In Ecuador, around 0.58 kilograms of solid waste per inhabitant is generated daily.

Meanwhile, it is estimated that 72.9% of solid waste management was handled directly

by the municipalities, which disposed of their waste in sanitary landfills; 36%,

corresponding to 79 municipal governments, did so in dumps; and 21%, corresponding

to 46 municipal governments, disposed of their solid waste in pop-up cells, collecting

an average of 12,897.98 tons daily.897.98 tons per day, of which 11,641.94 tons (90.3%)

were collected in a non-differentiated manner and 1,256.04 tons (9.7%) were collected

in a differentiated manner (Cookson & Stirk). (Cookson & Stirk, 2019).

In the canton of Jipijapa in the province of Manabi and notoriously in the parish of

Anegado del Canton Jipijapa, there is a lack of studies related to solid waste

management, in this area the lack of knowledge and lack of control by the authorities

in charge has led to poor management of solid waste, causing a significant impact on

its inhabitants and the environment is why the objective of the research is: To evaluate

the solid waste management of the inhabitants of the Anegado parish of the Jipijapa

canton in the province of Manabí.

It must have the problem, the formulation of the problem, the objectives, the

justification of the work, the theories and the theoretical framework. The introduction

should contain a dialogue between the authors and be specified using the APA 7th

Edition norms.

Materials and methods

The methodology of the present research involves the quantitative and qualitative

perspective, the same that has a systemic approach, which allows an integrative analysis

taking as a reference the methodology of the Pan American Center for Environmental

Health (Paraguay, 2018), the same that indicates the statistical and field procedures to

Characterization of the residential solid waste of the inhabitants of the Anegado Parish of the Jipijapa Canton

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

evaluate the solid waste of the parish el Anegado of the canton Jipijapa, as information

collection determined the population and sample to study with a survey application

previously structured to each family in the area under study based on the methodology

raised as a reference C.E.P.I.S., which includes a technical disclosure sheet (HDT 97),

considering it as an application technique for the identification and determination of

solid waste generated in the study area.

El Anegado Parish has a territorial extension of 117.05 Km2; it is located 16 km, from

the Cantonal head of Jipijapa and 120 km from Guayaquil, it has a population of 6,864

inhabitants, positioning itself as one of the most populated parishes of the canton

Jipijapa, where there are 1,460 homes in the parish of which 96.89% do not have the

basic needs satisfied, the poverty level of 6.814 corresponds to 99.34% according to

PDOT Anegado 2015, the productive economic activities of the rural parish El Anegado

correspond mainly to the Primary Agricultural and Livestock Sector of the Economy with

76.0%, followed by the Secondary Sector Industry and Manufacturing with 6.1% , and

the Service Sector with 17.9%, In the parishes, solid waste management is inefficient on

the part of the authorities in charge of garbage collection, which is why 66.37% of the

households choose to burn their garbage, and only 25.43% benefit from the collection

service provided by the garbage truck twice a week in the parish seat.

Results

The necessary information was collected for the evaluation and analysis of the object of

study where the procedure to obtain the sample according to the disclosure sheets

(CEPIS/PAHO, 2005), establishes the division of the population through the

socioeconomic strata considering that there is no visible economic stratification because

it reflects a common stratum, registering 246 homes with a population of 1,536 people

with an estimated six people per home applying the sample through the equation

presented below:

𝐧

𝐙𝟐

𝐩

∗

𝐪

𝐍

𝐞𝟐

𝐍

𝟏

) +

𝐙𝟐𝐩

∗

𝐪

Where:

n = sample size.

N = Population or universe.

Z = Confidence level.

p = probability in favor.

q = probability against.

e = sampling error

𝑛

"= 0.952 0.5"∗"0.5 (246)

0.0882 (246 - 1) + 0.9520.5"∗"0.5

Xavier Enrique Chinga Cevallos, Rodrigo Paul Cabrera Verdesoto

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

𝑛

"= 0.45"∗"123

1.89 + 0.22

𝑛

"= 55.35

2.11

𝑛

"= 26,23

In order to avoid sample loss, the sample was increased by 10% of the original

sample.

n= 26.23 + 10% of the sample (=2,623)

n= 28.853 = 29

The application of the survey revealed the perceptions of the residents regarding waste

management and handling, where 80% stated that they were aware of the

environmental problems caused by poor solid waste management and 90% considered

the collection system to be inefficient.

Figure 2.

Structured survey on the perception of solid waste management among the

inhabitants of El Anegado Parish.

The per capita production was established according to the second day of sampling,

given that the methodology applied establishes that the data obtained on the first day

of collection should be discarded because, according to CEPIS/PAHO, 2005, the total

weight of waste per number of inhabitants estimates a PPC of 399.36 kg/day in the

parish of El Anegado.

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

𝑃𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑜𝑠

𝑊𝑡

)

𝐺𝑃𝑃𝐶

𝑁

𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑠

𝑁𝑡

)

0.26 kg

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""

𝐺𝑃𝑃𝐶

"= 1,536 pop. = 399.36kg/d 399.36kg/d

problemas ambientales por los desechos sistema de recoleccion

SURVEYS

surveys

Characterization of the residential solid waste of the inhabitants of the Anegado Parish of the Jipijapa Canton

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

Table 1.

Estimated values of waste production.

The waste density was determined using the process described in the methodology

applied in HDT 97 (CEPIS/PAHO, 2005) using the following formula:

𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑑

𝐷

𝐾𝑔

) =

𝑃𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑢𝑜

𝑊

𝐾𝑔

)

"""""""""""""""""""""

𝑚

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑎𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑎

𝑚

The average density of solid waste in the parish of El Anegado is 119.21 kg/m3.

Figure 3

. Density of solid waste in the Cabecera Parroquial El Anegado.

Characterization and quantification of solid waste composition.

This process involves three phases:

(1) Determination of Per Capita Generation (gpc) and Total Daily Solid Waste,

Waste production values in the Cabecera Parroquial El

Waterlogged.

Diary

339.36 kg

0.34 tons

Weekly

2,375.52 kg

2.37 tons

Monthly

10,180.80 kg

18.18 tons

Quarterly

30,542.40 kg

30.54 tons

Semiannu

61,084.80 kg

61.06 tons

Annual

122,196.60 kg

122.19 tons

132,72

111,17

104,57

118,28

128,7

100

120

140

Dia 2 Dia 3 Dia 5 Dia 6 Dia 7

DENSITY OF SOLID WASTE IN THE

EL ANEGADO PARISH HEADWATERS

Xavier Enrique Chinga Cevallos, Rodrigo Paul Cabrera Verdesoto

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

(2) Determination of waste density

(3) Determination of the Physical Composition of Solid Waste.

The data obtained in the waste characterization process helped to determine the

physical composition of the solid waste generated in the parish of El Anegado. Based

on these values, environmental management mechanisms can be established that will

contribute to the proper management and use of solid waste in order to minimize the

impacts that it could generate.

According to the composition of solid waste determined in the Cabecera Parroquial El

Anegado, it was identified that the most generated waste is food waste with a value of

34.49%, as a result of this the average number of inhabitants per family (6 inhab/fam)

and the estimated food consumption (data not determined).

In second place in waste production is plastic waste with 14.91%. This is followed by

glass waste with 13.78%.

A suggestive value is that of special waste, located in fourth place with 11.44%. The

reason for this is due to the null management assigned to them, due to the fact that the

waste collection cart that circulates weekly in the area does not collect this type of waste

and the health sub-center does not manage the management of this waste either.

(Pincay & López, 2021).. For them, through the process of daily waste collection in the

sample houses, a great value of medical waste was found such as; serums, injections,

sharps and medicines. This amount collected produced a high value of this type of waste

in the first two days of sampling.

The cardboard and paper group is represented with 9.77% and 7.47% of production,

respectively.

Metallic waste accounts for 3.63%. Wood waste accounts for 2.88% of production in the

area.

Lastly, we have miscellaneous waste made up of materials such as rubber, leather, jute,

soil or any other material different from the classification used with 1.09% and plant

waste with 0.54%.

Table 2.

Estimated waste production values.

Composition of solid waste from the parish headwaters of El

Waterlogged

Types of solid waste

Total of

waste collected

(1-7)

Percentage

value

Paper

1,79

7,47%

Cardboard

2,34

9,77%

Wood

0,69

2,88%

Characterization of the residential solid waste of the inhabitants of the Anegado Parish of the Jipijapa Canton

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

Regarding the collection, transport and final disposal of waste generated in the parish

of El Anegado, according to the survey applied to the inhabitants, it was determined

that one of the main factors in the management of waste is the collection service, which

is irregular and terrible, with vehicles that are inadequate for the job, with low load

capacity and low frequency on collection days.

Another problem to be evidenced is the lack of ecological points where the inhabitants

can deposit solid waste until the day of collection and do not choose to carry out

activities such as burning, burying, throwing into rivers or other ways to dispose of the

waste they generate.

On the other hand, the social actors that exist in the territory do not exercise a role of

responsibility and commitment regarding environmental issues and problems in terms

of training, awareness raising, periodic mingas, among other activities.(Moraga, 2010)

Within the studies conducted by (Ortega, 2017), in the Recinto La Libertad de Ñauza

belonging to the Canton Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno - Province Del Guayas, within the

characterization of solid waste it was possible to identify that the per capita production

of in the study area is 0.37 kg/inhab/day, with a generation value of 70.91 tons in a year,

This represents 1% of the total generation of the canton, data obtained with a

population of 528 inhabitants located in 125 homes, with an average of four members

per family, considering that in our research conducted in the Parroquial El Anegado, we

obtained a per capita production of 0.26 kg/inhab/day and an annual generation of

122.19 tons., whose study population was 1,536 inhabitants in 246 homes, with an

average of six members per family.

The data obtained through the surveys conducted among the population of Libertad

de Ñauza, allowed identifying that the population does not have an environmental

culture regarding the handling and management of their waste, due to the lack of

education and environmental awareness, they are unaware of the consequences that

can be caused by improper waste management to the environment and towards their

health, (Ortega, 2017). Unlike in El Anegado Parish, it has the help of the GAD Municipal

Plant residues

0,13

0,54%

Food scraps

8,26

34,49%

Plastics

3,57

14,91%

Metals

0,87

3,63%

Special (Batteries/light

bulbs/sharps/medicines/medi

cine).

nts)

2,74

11,44%

Glass

3,30

13,78%

Other (Rubber, soil,

etc.)

0,26

1,09%

TOTAL

23,95

100%

Xavier Enrique Chinga Cevallos, Rodrigo Paul Cabrera Verdesoto

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

de Jipijapa regarding the activities of collection, transportation and final disposal of

waste generated in the parish headwaters. However, according to the survey applied to

the inhabitants who participated in the characterization project, it was determined that

the collection service is regular to terrible, the reasons are due to the use of inadequate

vehicles for the job, as they have a low load capacity, in addition to the low frequency

of collection days.

Another problem to be evidenced is the lack of ecological points, where the inhabitants

can deposit solid waste until the day of collection and do not choose to perform

activities such as burning, burying, throwing into rivers or other ways to dispose of the

waste generated in such a way that the social actors that exist in the territory do not

exercise a role of responsibility and commitment in terms of environmental issues and

problems in terms of training, awareness, periodic mingas, among other activities.

Therefore, the implementation of a solid waste management model will provide lines

of action (at the local level and in nearby communities) in the parish of El Anegado,

Canton Jipijapa, helping to control waste management activities and minimize the

impacts they may cause in the medium and long term, also involving the participation

of the Gad, community leaders, neighborhood leaders and other population due to the

demand that these lines of action would exert as a primary part in the internal

management of waste, generating income to the parish head neighborhoods and

communities to solve the problems or needs that exist in the place.

The data determined in the characterization will be analyzed and according to this,

programs will be designed for each phase in the process of integrated solid waste

management, from generation to final disposal.

• Program to strengthen relations between social actors.

• Social communication program where the work ideas should be shared and

socialized to the entire local population, thus including educational institutions

as the main articulator of awareness.

• Waste collection, temporary storage and commercialization program The

reduction and use phase was developed as part of the social participation in

ecological activities (CAPS program).

• Program specifically related to the management of infectious and hospital

waste.

Conclusions

Through the process of characterization of solid waste in the parish of El Anegado, it

was determined that the per capita production of the parish of El Anegado is 0.26

kg/inhab/day, where these values represent an annual production of 122.19 tons of

"garbage". The composition of solid waste in the territory is mainly represented by

organic matter with 34.49%, plastic waste 14.91%, glass 13.78%, cardboard 9.77% and

paper 7.47%.

The application of the survey allowed us to know the perception of the inhabitants about

the handling and management of waste in their homes and we were able to identify

Characterization of the residential solid waste of the inhabitants of the Anegado Parish of the Jipijapa Canton

Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46

July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 53-64

problems such as; classification of waste in situ, environmental culture and inadequate

service in municipal waste collection.

The implementation of a management model (MoM) will allow the El Anegado parish

government to promote an environmental culture in each of its inhabitants through the

proposed program and achieve sustainable development of economic, social and

environmental factors. In addition to involving all social actors in the responsibilities they

must share in the management of solid waste generated in the parish headwaters.

..........................................................................................................

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