Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
DOI https://doi.org/10.31876/er.v6i44.835
Training plan for the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-
Portoviejo site in the event of landslide and flooding risks
Plan de capacitación ante riesgos de deslaves e inundaciones para los
habitantes del sitio Miguelillo-Portoviejo
Jinelly Anaí Asanza Cedeño*
Arturo Andrés Hernández Escobar*
Received: March 13, 2023
Approved: June 09, 2023
* Engineer. Master's Program in Environmental
Management, Graduate Institute, Universidad
Estatal del Sur de Manabí.
asanza-jinelly7199@unesum.edu.ec,
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2031-0095
* Engineer, Master's Program in Environmental
Management, Graduate Institute, Universidad
Estatal del Sur de Manabí.
arturo.hernandez@unesum.edu.ec
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8403-6163
Abstract
Environmental education is one of the best tools for the identification
of problems related to pollution that affect the well-being of living
beings and for the search of solutions for each case, and taking into
account aptitudes and attitudes of respect for the same. In
congruence with the above, the research whose results are presented
here was developed with the objective of supporting the
implementation of a training plan aimed at the inhabitants of the
Miguelillo-Portoviejo site to face the risks of landslides and floods.
For the execution of the study, the application of theoretical scientific
methods (analysis and synthesis and induction and deduction) was
used, which facilitated the evaluation of the information gathered
through empirical methods such as observation and support
techniques such as interviews and surveys. With the data recorded in
the study, it was possible to demonstrate the lack of knowledge on
environmental issues possessed by the residents. In conclusion, it has
been considered that systematic training actions provide benefits in
the presence of natural disasters and their response to these events,
so it is important to provide constant training for the inhabitants.
Key words:
Environmental awareness, natural disasters,
environmental education, training, before and after test.
Cite this:
Asanza, J., Hernández, A. (2023).
Training plan for landslide and flood
risks for the inhabitants of the
Miguelillo-Portoviejo site. Espirales
Revista Multidisciplinaria de
investigación científica, 7 (46), 39-52
Training plan for the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-Portoviejo site in the event of landslide and flooding risks
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
40
Introduction
Environmental education prepares people to generate changes in sustainable
development, focusing on pedagogical and ecological methods; it helps to identify
problems related to pollution and the search for solutions, taking into account skills and
attitudes of respect for it. The International Union for Conservation of Nature. Pallo
(2020) defines environmental education as a process that consists of recognizing values
and clarifying concepts to create skills and attitudes necessary to understand and
appreciate the relationship between human beings, their culture and their biophysical
environment.
In the face of natural disasters, environmental education is considered a tool that favors
people in the knowledge about the risks, threats and vulnerability to which they are
exposed; it facilitates understanding in disaster management, allows understanding the
characteristics of the habitat and acquiring the ability to act on it, reducing the
probability of disasters and responding adequately to the existence of natural
phenomena to which they are defenseless (Ordóñez et al., 2018).
In Ecuador, limitations in environmental education are evident and there is no national
or territorial projection that favors any change in this problem. For this reason, it is
necessary to address environmental issues in order to think about the actions that are
Resumen
La educación ambiental, constituye una de las mejores herramientas
para la identificación de problemas relacionados con la polución que
afectan el bienestar de los seres vivos y para la búsqueda de las
soluciones para cada caso, y teniendo en cuenta aptitudes y actitudes
de respeto al mismo. En congruencia con lo anterior se desarrolló la
investigación cuyos resultados se presentan, con el objetivo de
sustentar la implementación de un plan de capacitación dirigido a los
habitantes del sitio Miguelillo-Portoviejo para afrontar riesgos de
deslaves e inundaciones. Para la ejecución del mismo se recurrió a la
aplicación de métodos científicos de orden teórico (análisis y síntesis
e inducción deducción) lo cual facilitó la valoración de la información
recopilada a través de métodos empíricos como la observación y
técnicas de apoyo como las entrevistas y las encuestas. Con los datos
registrados en el estudio se logró evidenciar carencias sobre los
conocimientos en temas ambientales que poseen los moradores. A
modo concluyente se ha considerado que las acciones de
capacitación sistemática aportan beneficios ante la presencia de
desastre naturales y sus acciones de respuesta ante estos eventos,
por lo que es importante la constante capacitación para los
habitantes.
Palabras clave:
Environmental awareness, natural disasters,
environmental education, training, before and after test
Jinelly Anaí Asanza Cedeño, Arturo Andrés Hernández Escobar
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
41
not carried out due to lack of knowledge and that harm the environment and people
(Pallo, 2020).
Natural disasters occur in rural areas of the province of Manabí, the most common being
floods and landslides. The site Miguelillo, in the canton of Portoviejo, is prone to
constant flooding and, in recent years, new calamities such as landslides have occurred;
the inhabitants of the sector do not have adequate knowledge of how to deal with these
events, as evidenced last February 2017.
According to what was stated, the objective of the research is to implement a training
plan aimed at the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-Portoviejo site to face the risks of
landslides and floods.
Materials and methods
For the development of the research, the following specific activities were carried out:
identify the community's response needs to landslide and flood risks, develop a training
plan for the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-Portoviejo site to face landslide and flood risks,
and evaluate the progress obtained from the intervention of the training plan.
The study was located at the Miguelillo site in the canton of Portoviejo, with geographic
coordinates XPVJ+7GH, C. Abdón Calderón, Portoviejo (Google LLC, 2021). For the
execution of this study we resorted to the application of theoretical scientific methods
(analysis and synthesis and induction and deduction) which facilitated the assessment
of the information collected through empirical methods such as observation and
support techniques such as interviews and surveys (Pérez et al., 2017).
A sample of 82 inhabitants of the community (45 men and 37 women), previously
selected, whose ages ranged between 18 and 80 years, was formed. The degree of
knowledge before and after the intervention of a training plan for landslide and flood
risks was evaluated; the research is declared to be quasi-experimental (Pulido et al.,
2020).
We worked with two groups, control and experimental, with the objective of confirming
the capture of what was exposed in the training. However, the control group was not
given the training designed according to the results obtained in the pretest; this was
done in order to relate the data obtained in both groups and verify the effectiveness of
the proposal.
As a first point to be executed, the response needs of the inhabitants to landslide and
flood risks were identified; in this section, interview and survey techniques were applied
(Escobar et al., 2018) which allowed obtaining relevant data and information in the
research through the inhabitants.
The survey applied is of a diagnostic nature with dichotomous answers, it was selected
from the study of (Cedeño, 2018) adapted to the present research, with the purpose of
establishing the response needs possessed by the inhabitants of the community. The
characteristics of the respondents (age and sex) were taken into account. The survey
Training plan for the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-Portoviejo site in the event of landslide and flooding risks
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
42
was subjected to an analysis in Cronbach's alpha, this is a measure of the internal
consistency of a questionnaire or a set of questions where the reliability of the applied
technique is determined; in this way the information collected was subjected to a
correlation analysis between the answers of different questions, as well as an ANOVA
analysis.
Taking into account the results obtained in the first survey, we proceeded to the
elaboration of the training design in the community of Miguelillo; didactic support
materials (copies, graphs, notebooks, pens) and audiovisual equipment (projector,
computer, loudspeaker) were used at the time of the meetings in order to obtain a
greater understanding of the topics to be presented.
As a final section, in order to corroborate the contribution presented through the
training, the survey conducted at the beginning of the research was applied again to
gather the necessary information; the level of knowledge acquired by the villagers was
verified and the differences were assessed by comparing the results between the two
measurements.
Results
Bivariate correlations were applied to determine if there were inverted questions.
Question nine (9) was found to be inverted, so the values were transformed to better fit
the statistical analysis.
Once the procedure was completed, the reliability was corroborated, resulting in a
Cronbach's alpha of 0.714. The value of Cronbach's alpha is in a range between 0 and
1, where a value closer to 1 indicates greater internal consistency and a value closer to
0 indicates lower internal consistency.
In this case, Cronbach's alpha is 0.76 for a 12-question questionnaire with dichotomous
response options. This value suggests that the questionnaire has a moderate internal
consistency. This means that the questions in the questionnaire are related to each other
and measure a similar construct, but there is some variability in the extent to which the
questions are related.
In general, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.7 or higher is considered acceptable for a
questionnaire. Therefore, Cronbach's alpha of 0.76 for this questionnaire indicates that
the questions are related to each other and are probably measuring the construct for
which they were designed. However, it is important to keep in mind that Cronbach's
alpha is not the only measure of questionnaire validity and is not an absolute measure
of internal consistency, so it is important to consider other aspects of the questionnaire
and the research as a whole before reaching definitive conclusions.
Table 1
. Instrument reliability statistics with Cronbach's alpha.
Cronbach's alpha
N of elements
0,714
12
Jinelly Anaí Asanza Cedeño, Arturo Andrés Hernández Escobar
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
43
Table 2 shows the frequencies of dichotomous responses to the 12 questions in the
questionnaire. The results of the questions indicate that most of the respondents know
the meaning of flood and landslide, and that these have occurred in the community.
However, a majority do not know how to act in the face of these natural disasters.
Environmental education is considered important to prevent these disasters, but it has
not been given in the community. Most of the people surveyed have not received talks
on environmental education and some have not received surveys on the subject.
However, some people have discussed the issues of floods and landslides at home.
Table 2.
Responses to Questionnaire on Landslide and Flood Hazards Training
Ask
Option
Frequency
%
P1
No
0
0%
Yes
164
100%
P2
No
5
3%
Yes
159
97%
P3
No
0
0%
Yes
164
100%
P4
No
57
35%
Yes
107
65%
P5
No
0
0%
Yes
164
100%
P6
No
35
21%
Yes
129
79%
P7
No
63
38%
Yes
101
62%
P8
No
94
57%
Yes
70
43%
P9i
No
57
35%
Yes
107
65%
P10
No
7
4%
Yes
157
96%
P11
No
74
45%
Yes
90
55%
P12
No
122
74%
Yes
42
26%
The data in Figure 1 correspond to the means of the responses to each question in a
questionnaire. The questions have response options on a Likert scale, where 1 means
"No" and 2 means "Yes".
Training plan for the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-Portoviejo site in the event of landslide and flooding risks
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
44
Figure 1.
Comparison of averages for each item
In general, it is observed that the majority of respondents answered "Yes" to questions
related to knowledge about floods and landslides, and that these have occurred in the
community. However, there is a tendency towards "No" answers to questions related
to preparedness and environmental education to manage these natural disasters.
In detail:
• Knowledge of the meaning of flood: The average is 2.00, indicating that most
of the respondents know the meaning of flood.
• Knowledge of the meaning of landslide: The average is 1.97, which shows that
most of the respondents know the meaning of landslide.
• Existence of flooding in the community: The average is 2.00, which shows that
most of the people surveyed responded that flooding has occurred in the
community.
• Perception of natural disaster danger in the community: The average is 1.65,
which reflects that most of the people surveyed do not perceive a natural
disaster danger in the community.
• Existence of landslides in the community: The average is 2.00, which shows that
most of the people surveyed responded that landslides have occurred in the
community.
• Knowledge about environmental education: The average is 1.79, this result
expresses that most of the people surveyed do not know what environmental
education is.
• Knowledge of how to act in the event of flooding: The average is 1.62, indicating
that most respondents do not know how to act in the event of a flood.
• Knowledge of how to act in the event of a landslide: The average is 1.43, which
shows that most of the people surveyed do not know how to act in the event of
a landslide.
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9i P10 P11 P12
Media
2 1, 97 2 1,65 2 1,79 1,62 1,43 1,65 1,96 1,55 1, 26
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
Media
Jinelly Anaí Asanza Cedeño, Arturo Andrés Hernández Escobar
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
45
• Previous experience with environmental education surveys: The average is 1.65,
which shows that most respondents have not received environmental education
surveys before.
• Importance of environmental education in the face of floods and landslides: The
average is 1.96, which reveals that most of the people surveyed consider it
relevant.
• Household dialogue: the mean corresponds to 1.55, suggesting that most
respondents do not talk about flood and landslide issues in their homes.
• Environmental education talks in the community: the mean response is 1.26,
indicating that most of the respondents have not received environmental
education talks in their community.
Inter-item correlations
The data presented in Table 3 show the correlations between the answers to the
different questions. Each number in the table represents the correlation coefficient
between two specific questions. A correlation coefficient is a number ranging from -1
to 1 that indicates the relationship between two variables. A value of 1 indicates a
perfect positive correlation, meaning that the variables are completely correlated and
as one increases, the other also increases. A value of -1 indicates a negative perfect
correlation, which means that the variables are completely correlated and as one
increases, the other decreases. A value of 0 indicates that there is no correlation
between the variables.
In this data set, it can be seen that there are several questions that have a significant
positive correlation. For example, question Q2 (Knows the meaning of landslide) has a
significant positive correlation with question Q6 (Knows what environmental education
is) with a coefficient of 0.340. This means that people who know the meaning of
landslide also have more knowledge about environmental education.
In addition, it can be seen that there is a significant positive correlation between
question P7 (Knows how to act in the event of floods) and question P8 (Knows how to
act in the event of landslides) with a coefficient of 0.225. This suggests that people who
know how to act in the event of a flood also know how to act in the event of a landslide.
However, there are also some questions that do not have a significant correlation. For
example, question Q2 (Do you know the meaning of landslide) and question Q4 (Do
you see any danger of natural disaster in the community) have a correlation coefficient
of 0.094, indicating that there is no significant relationship between knowing the
meaning of landslide and perceiving danger of natural disaster in the community.
In general, these data suggest that there is a relationship between knowledge about
environmental education and preventive actions in the face of natural disasters such as
floods and landslides. However, it is also important to note that there are some
questions that do not have a significant correlation, suggesting that other factors may
also be influencing perception and knowledge about these issues.
Training plan for the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-Portoviejo site in the event of landslide and flooding risks
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
46
It is important to keep in mind that correlation coefficients only measure the relationship
between two variables, they do not indicate causation. Therefore, although there is no
significant relationship between these two questions, there could be other factors or
variables that influence the perception of natural disaster hazard.
Table 3.
Correlations between responses to the Questionnaire on Training for
Landslide and Flood Hazards
P2
P4
P6
P7
P8
P9i
P10
P11
P12
P2
1,000
,094
,340**
,225**
,081
,168*
,664**
,053
,104
P4
,094
1,000
,057
,319**
,086
,166*
,036
,367**
,340**
P6
,340**
,057
1,000
,078
,269**
,401**
,405**
,245**
,306**
P7
,225**
,319**
,078
1,000
,175*
,055
,081
,342**
,406**
P8
,081
,086
,269**
,175*
1,000
,475**
,121
,337**
,482**
P9i
,168*
,166*
,401**
,055
,475**
1,000
,163*
,290**
,428**
P10
,664**
,036
,405**
,081
,121
,163*
1,000
,112
,124
P11
,053
,367**
,245**
,342**
,337**
,290**
,112
1,000
,420**
P12
,104
,340**
,306**
,406**
,482**
,428**
,124
,420**
1,000
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (bilateral).
*. The correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (bilateral).
Differences between Experimental and Control groups in the Posttest
The results of the statistical analysis performed indicate that there are significant
differences between the experimental group and the control group as a whole. The
ANOVA analysis with one degree of freedom reveals that questions 7, 8 and 12 present
significant differences between both groups, as can be seen in Table 4. This suggests
that the experimental group has had a significant impact on the answers to these
questions compared to the control group, indicating that the treatment or intervention
applied to the experimental group has had an effect on the answers to these questions.
In summary, it can be concluded that there are significant differences between the
experimental group and the control group as a whole.
Table 4.
ANOVA results to establish differences between Experimental and
Control Groups.
Sig.
P1
*
P2
,692
P3
*
P4
,697
P5
*
P6
,136
P7
,000
P8
,004
P9
,557
P10
,653
Jinelly Anaí Asanza Cedeño, Arturo Andrés Hernández Escobar
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
47
P11
,013
P12
,000
* Not applicable due to 100% affirmative response.
The data in Table 5 correspond to the answers to specific questions in a questionnaire
where the results are compared between two groups: the experimental group and the
control group. The questions have dichotomous answer options, "No" or "Yes".
In general, it is observed that in questions 7, 8 and 12 the experimental group has a
higher percentage of "Yes" answers compared to the control group.
In detail is the following analysis:
• Question 7: Do you know how to act in case of flooding? The experimental
group has a percentage of 76 "Yes" answers and the control group has a
percentage of 48 "Yes" answers, which means that the experimental group has
a greater knowledge of how to act in the event of a flood compared to the
control group.
• Question 8: Do you know how to act in the event of a landslide? The
experimental group has a percentage of 50 "Yes" answers and the control group
has a percentage of 31 "Yes" answers, which means that the experimental group
has a greater knowledge of how to act in the event of a landslide compared to
the control group.
• Question 12: Have you given environmental education talks in the community?
The experimental group has a percentage of 50 "Yes" answers and the control
group has a percentage of 0 "Yes" answers, which in the experimental group
have given more environmental education talks compared to the control group.
Table 5.
Variables with significant differences between Experimental and Control
Groups.
P7
P8
P12
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Group
Experimental
21
63
39
45
42
42
Control
42
38
55
25
80
0
Total
63
101
94
70
122
42
These data suggest that the experimental group has had greater access to information
and preparation on how to act in the face of floods and landslides and has received
environmental education talks, compared to the control group.
Differences between groups Test -Post test.
The data in Table 6 correspond to the results of an analysis of variance (ANOVA) to
evaluate statistical significance.
The data correspond to the results of an ANOVA analysis to compare the means of the
responses to a questionnaire before and after an educational intervention. The value
presented next to each question is the significance level obtained for that question.
Training plan for the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-Portoviejo site in the event of landslide and flooding risks
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
48
In general, it is observed that for questions P4, P6, P7, P8, P9, P11 and P12 a significance
level of less than 0.05 was obtained, indicating that there are significant differences in
the answers to these questions before and after the educational intervention. However,
for question P10, a significance level greater than 0.05 was obtained, indicating that
there are no significant differences in the answers to that question before and after the
educational intervention.
Table 6.
ANOVA results to evaluate the differences between Test and Posttest.
Questions
Sig.
P1
*
P2
,175
P3
*
P4
,000
P5
*
P6
,000
P7
,006
P8
,000
P9i
,000
P10
,249
P11
,000
P12
,000
* Not applicable due to 100% affirmative response.
The data correspond to the results of a test-posttest questionnaire applied before and
after an educational intervention. The questionnaire consists of 12 questions with
dichotomous answer options (Yes/No or 1/2).
In general, it can be observed that in most of the questions there is an increase in the
percentage of people answering "Yes" after the educational intervention, especially in
the questions related to the knowledge and skills necessary to act in the event of natural
disasters such as floods and landslides. For example, in question Q7 (Do you know how
to act in the event of floods?), the percentage of people who answer "Yes" increases
from 41 to 50, and in question Q8 (Do you know how to act in the event of landslides?),
the percentage of people who answer "Yes" increases from 23 to 38.
There is also an increase in the percentage of people who consider that environmental
education is important to prevent natural disasters and that these issues are discussed
in their homes.
In contrast, in question Q9 (Is this the first time you have received this type of survey on
environmental education?) the percentage of people answering "Yes" decreases
significantly from 57 to 0, indicating that most people had already received this type of
survey previously.
Jinelly Anaí Asanza Cedeño, Arturo Andrés Hernández Escobar
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
49
Table 7.
Differences in frequencies between Test and Posttest.
Test
Posttest
P4
No
44
13
Yes
38
69
P6
No
27
8
Yes
55
74
P7
No
40
23
Yes
42
59
P8
No
63
31
Yes
19
51
P9
No
25
82
Yes
57
0
P10
No
5
2
Yes
77
80
P11
No
53
21
Yes
29
61
P12
No
82
40
Yes
0
42
Overall, these data suggest that the educational intervention had a positive impact on
people's knowledge and skills to respond to natural disasters, as well as in
Trainings are favorable techniques for the development of the person; however, these
also comprise negative effects such as risks in productivity which, in general terms, is
understood as a delay before production due to the deficit of knowledge that is
previously had from the training and the collaboration of third parties, comprises time
and money; in turn, erroneous information at the time of the trainings brings
consequences in their environment when applying the thematic in the field; however,
these support tools bring more benefits than loss by providing knowledge in different
topics (Amigo et al., 2016).
In congruence with the above, (Villanueva, 2018) points out that trainings play an
important role in achieving the fulfillment of tasks, in the development of people's
strengths and skills, as well as their abilities. With respect to natural disasters it is
necessary to be forewarned; trainings favor with relevant information for learners, in this
way they obtain essential knowledge to face these conflicts. Landslides and floods are
unexpected events for which we must be prepared and this support technique helps us
not only to be prepared, but also to reduce the impacts they cause.
Situations that coincide with the present research, which demonstrates the need for
motivations through training, workshops and other activities that raise awareness
among the community's inhabitants about the knowledge and importance of prior
actions and actions in the event of natural disasters.
It is emphasized that the education of a person begins at home, since it is here where
the habits and customs of the subject are formed, so that the home is the primary source
of learning in social community, where day by day it is expected to acquire new
knowledge to put into practice (Martínez and Villa, 2017); however, the environmental
Training plan for the inhabitants of the Miguelillo-Portoviejo site in the event of landslide and flooding risks
Espirales. Revista multidisciplinaria de investigación científica, Vol. 7, No. 46
July - September 2023. e-ISSN 2550-6862. pp 39-52
50
problem has increased so much in these years that the GADs are taking action measures
to address the situation and activities that were previously carried out in educational
institutions, become a priority of the environmental department of the respective GADs
for subsequent socialization (Gárate et al., 2020).
The study agrees with the need for local authorities to take action on environmental
problems, not only through preventive and theoretical measures, but also through
sanctions in some cases.
Conclusions
The analysis of the information derived from the application of the first survey showed
that the inhabitants of the sector have basic knowledge of certain concepts about the
subject matter taught; however, they demonstrate shortcomings in terms of danger,
prevention measures, safety and response to natural disasters (landslides and floods),
as well as the lack of environmental education in the community.
The results generated in the application of the first and second surveys show that age
influences people's knowledge, since the older the inhabitants were, the less they knew
about the subject; however, there was an excellent reception to the training plan, since
after having carried out the last phase of the objectives, the degree of uptake increased
notably. However, there are still, to a lesser extent, shortcomings among older
residents.
The residents belonging to the control group also presented changes in the second
survey, although these were not as significant as in the experimental group; however,
the difference in the responses between the two stages is due to the interest they
showed at the time of the first survey, since once it was carried out they indicated that
they wanted to know more about the topic presented.
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